World Bank study looks at river basin planning in north India

16 November 2007

A consultant’s study* for the World Bank into effective river basin planning in the hydro-rich states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand in India has raised the option of establishing need to development authorities.

The draft recommendations report highlighted the need for data sharing, improved yield estimation, utility and construction coordination, and the benefits of greater involvement of communities and qualified third parties, such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

These needs were identified in trying to establish the key challenges facing India in meeting its ambitious hydropower development programme, and the hurdles are primarily in the river basins of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, the report notes.

A key message of the change in approach the study advocates is a shift from project-based planning to co-ordinated planning of many schemes to optimise energy and economic potential of the river basins in the states.

The study referenced the experiences of developing the Satluj and Alaknanda river basins, both to list many risks faced – ranging from geological, hydrological, flood estimation and environmental flow needs to siltation, upstream storage design and cascade optimisation – to useful progress in overcoming the challenges.

More systematic approaches to river basin development are required in other parts of the states, and the study said that establishing specific development organisations charged with such authority, and receiving sufficient funds, should be considered.

* The study – ‘River Basin Development Optimisation’ – was undertaken on behalf of the World Bank by Hydro Tasmania Consulting at the request of the governments of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

Tomorrow's groundwater, today's challenge
Agriculture researcher Betty Klepper explains water in the Umatilla River Basin

By BETTY KLEPPER Umatilla County Critical Groundwater Taskforce

EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the third in a series of biweekly articles by members of the Umatilla County Critical Groundwater Taskforce about the work the group has been doing.

Have you ever looked at the water in the Umatilla River and thanked your lucky stars? You probably couldn't make a living here if we did not have this essential resource. Without the waters of the Umatilla River Basin, our region would be much less developed and prosperous than it is today.

The Umatilla River flows from high in the Blue Mountains to the Columbia River and drains an area of nearly 2,500 square miles. This drainage area is the Umatilla River Basin. Within the basin, terrestrial and aquatic wildlife, native and cultivated plants, and humans and their domesticated animals all depend on the precipitation that falls inside the basin boundaries for their water.

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Arcelor-Mittal to harvest rain water in Orissa
17 Nov, 2007, 0000 hrs IST, PTI

BHUBANESWAR: Global steel leader Arcelor-Mittal, which proposes to set up a 12 mtpa plant in Orissa, on Friday said it will harvest rain water and use technology that consumes least quantity of 'H2O' to reduce pressure on the natural resource. "We are consulting international experts in the field on how to meet the challenges ahead", member of Arcelor-Mittal's group management board Malay Mukherjee told reporters, admitting water was a major problem for industries in Orissa. .................... "We too do not want to take a farmer's share of water. Therefore, the company has planned to make its own arrangement in the plant premises", he said, adding that water harvesting was one of the key options the company would like to exercise. However, a permanent solution would be using technology that requires least water for steel making and research was on for recycling the water in order to minimise the requirement. Full Story

All of the major water users from our basin

The AJC has put together a nice map showing all of the major users (water systems, industrial, power plants and recreational) along the Chattahoochee river basin — 36 users highlighted in all.

Seeing this helps to explain why so much water is released from Lanier each day. The water from there needs to feed all of those places and still be at 5,000 cfs (3.2 billion gallons/day) when it is in Florida.

However, there are many small creeks and rivers that feed into the river to help reach the 5,000 cfs flow. The problem is that all of those rivers are running below normal, which means they have to drain even more water from Lanier to help make up for it.

The 16% reduction that may or may not happen starting today would be a reduction in that 5,000 cfs mandate, lowering it 4200 cfs. This would mean that the releases from Lanier could be reduced a bit, though they might see a slow increase after that to compensate for less and less help from the other rivers feeding into the Chattahoochee.

River runoff improves

Nov 15 2007 6:18AM
Associated Press
PIERRE, S.D. (AP) More water than normal ran into the Missouri River system last month for the first time in many months.

The U-S Army Corps of Engineers says runoff was 4 percent above normal.

However, that still leaves runoff about 16 percent short of normal for the year.

This is the 8th year in a row for drought in the Missouri River Basin.

Consequently, the downstream navigation season has been shortened by 35 days.

Lake Oahe (oh-WAH'-hee) ended October at 18.5 feet below normal, but it's 8 feet higher than a year earlier.

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Flood-hit areas limping back to normality Special Correspondent

Flights resume at Visakhapatnam airport; toll goes up to nine

HYDERABAD: The flood-hit areas in Visakhapatnam, East and West Godavari, Khammam, Srikakulam and Vizianagaram were limping back to normality on Sunday following the respite in rain. Flights too resumed at the Visakhapatnam airport.

The toll, however, rose to nine, with two more deaths reported from West Godavari and Vizianagaram districts in wall-collapse and drowning, respectively.

While the ‘trough’ which caused the torrential rain dissipated, another low pressure area lay in the Bay close to West Bengal. The State Met Office, however, said the fresh system was not likely to pose a threat. It might move towards West Bengal and Bangladesh.

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Flood damage may well be a thing of the past! M. Malleswara Rao -File photo: U. Subramanyam

Welcome change: If everything goes well, within two years embankments will stall the fury of rivers.

HYDERABAD: In two years from now, hundreds of villages in nine coastal districts, Srikakulam to Nellore, are likely to remain unaffected by floods, if everything goes well with the ambitious projects taken up to provide/raise embankments to rivers Godavari, Krishna, Vamsadhara, Nagavali and Pennar.

The strengthened embankments will not only prevent river water from flooding the habitations, but also allow inflows into rivers effectively through established routes, like tributaries/streams.

Works under a Rs. 500-crore project, taken up to raise/strengthen the embankments of the Godavari and lay fresh ones wherever needed -- all for a stretch of 530 km on either side of the river in East and West Godavari districts -- have been grounded.

The flood-banks will insulate the areas upstream and downstream of Dowlaiswaram Barrage, especially Konaseema, from the fury of the mighty river. The outflow from the barrage touched 35 lakh cusecs in 1986, the highest in its recorded history.

Similarly, nearly 150-km length of flood-banks in Khammam and Warangal are being raised to permanently protect habitations, especially the temple town of Bhadrachalam, at a cost of Rs 200 crore.

Another Rs 270-crore project has been taken up to renovate the flood-banks on both sides of the Krishna ( over 140 km), starting from Vijayawada to Hamsaladeevi, where the river joins the Bay.

Administrative approval for the project, which will be a boon to villages in Krishna and Guntur districts, is awaited, says M. K. Rahaman, Engineer-in-chief, Irrigation. The highest outflow from the Krishna, in contrast, was 10.5 lakh cusecs (1908).

This project envisages to double-lane the existing road on the embankments from Vijayawada to Puligadda that offers a bewitching sight of the river course to the traveller.

Works have also been grounded under a fourth Rs 300-crore project to refurbish the embankments of the Vamsadhara and Nagavali, that cause havoc in Srikakulam and Vizianagaram. In case of modernising the embankments of the Pennar that flooded areas in Nellore district recently, investigation work is on.

Basin panel prepares NYC Delaware River reservoir rule-making

To better balance of competing

uses and needs

WEST TRENTON, N.J. n Basin officials are preparing rules to help manage New York City’s three Delaware River reservoirs.

The Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) at its Sept. 26 meeting directed staff to begin the public rulemaking process to implement an amended Flexible Flow Management Program for operation of the three New York City Delaware Basin reservoirs.

The flow program is intended to provide a more adaptive means for managing the Cannonsville, Pepacton, and Neversink reservoirs for multiple, competing uses, including water supply and drought mitigation, management of the reservoir tailwater fisheries along with other habitat needs, and spill mitigation. The 1954 decree, which resolved an interstate water dispute centering on the city reservoirs, made no provision for spill mitigation, conservation or ecological releases.

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Knox presents new water rules
State water engineer presents Republican

	Saturday, October 6, 2007 1:25 AM MDT
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River Basin draft; to take effect Dec. 1, 2008

By Carol Barrett
Journal-Advocate agriculture editor

HOLYOKE — State Water Engineer Ken Knox called a meeting here Wednesday, the first in a series of five to be held Oct. 3 and 4 across the Republican River Basin. About 75 people turned out to hear about the new regulations and rules designed to bring Colorado into compliance with the Republican River Compact.

Among the people accompanying Knox was Peter Ampe, from the Colorado Attorney General’s office. Knox identified Ampe as the state’s lead attorney on interstate water compact issues.

Since the compact was signed in 1942, hundreds of irrigation wells have been drilled in Colorado, Kansas and Nebraska. For many years, Colorado has been sending less water than required downstream. Kansas brought a lawsuit against Colorado and Nebraska for noncompliance with the Compact.

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Saving Walker Lake really a 'feel good' proposal? Picture Mason Valley without 80% of its farms

Posted: 10/5/2007

For the umpteenth time, we'd love it if Walker Lake could be 'saved' and Mason and Smith Valleys would not be adversely affected. Fat chance of both happening without some sweeping changes in legislative proposals, though. And don't U.S. Senator Harry Reid and the federal government kind of have the cart before the horse?

When it comes to attempts to gain options for water right sales from upstream owners in Mason and Smith Valleys to send downstream to Walker Lake, shouldn't they first be required to prove that such water delivered to the lake can indeed 'save' the lake without adversely affecting agriculture, domestic and municipal users upstream?

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Ariz. fights changes in Colo. River plan

Shaun McKinnon
The Arizona Republic
Oct. 4, 2007 12:00 AM

Arizona balked Wednesday at proposed changes to a Colorado River drought plan and appealed to the federal government to settle the dispute or delay approval of the plan.

In a letter to U.S. Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne and the other six states that take water from the Colorado River, Arizona officials said attempts to rewrite an agreement reached earlier this year put Arizona's share of the river at an unacceptable risk.

"We worked hard to try to put together this agreement, and the only thing Arizona asked is that it did not harm Arizona water users," said Herb Guenther, director of the state Department of Water Resources.

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Ugandan president hits the road to raise flood aid

Oct 5, 2007

KAMPALA (AFP) — Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni on Friday led hundreds in walking through the capital to raise funds for victims of recent floods that have killed 20 people and affected 300,000 in the north and east.

At least 300 people in 22 African nations countries have died in floods over the past two months, according to figures from governments, hospitals and humanitarian sources compiled by AFP.

Humanitarian groups said the flooding -- the continent's worst in 30 years -- has affected at least 1.5 million people from one side of the continent to the other.

"The biggest victim of these floods is the bridges. We need to first of all repair them, but maybe we need to rebuild them in a different way because they were built assuming there would be no rising water," Museveni told the marchers outside Kampala.

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October 5, 2007 PRESS RELEASE

Rs 100 000 crores spent, but no additional benefits

There has been no addition to Canal Irrigated areas for 12 years

In twelve years from 1991-92 to 2003-04 (the latest year for which figures are available), there is been absolutely no addition to net irrigated areas by canals as reported by Union Ministry of Agriculture, based on actual field data from states. In the period from April 1991 to March 2004, the country has spent Rs 99610 crores on Major and Medium Irrigation Projects with the objective of increasing canal irrigated areas. What the official data shows is that this whole expenditure has not lead to addition of a single ha in the net irrigated area in the country for the whole of this twelve year period. This should be cause of some very serious concerns and the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), the states and the Planning Commission will have to answer some difficult questions.

The then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi speaking on big irrigation projects to State Irrigation Ministers in August 1986 had said, "Perhaps, we can safely say that almost no benefit has come to the people from these projects. For 16 years, we have poured out money. The people have got nothing back, no irrigation, no water, no increase in production, no help in their daily life." Only change that quote would require today is removal of the word Perhaps.

The net irrigated area by canals all over the country was 17.79 million ha in 1991-92. In all the years thereafter, till 2003-04, the latest year for which the data is available, the net irrigated area by canals has not only been lower than 17.79 m ha, but has been consistently falling, as can be seen from the graph below.

In this period, the MWR has been claiming (e.g. in the working group report on water resources for the 11 ^th Plan) that they have created additional irrigation potential of 8.454 million ha and utilisation of irrigation potential of additional 6.297 million ha, but the data from the ground raise questions about these claims. The MWR has been using such claims to push more allocations for investment in major and medium irrigation projects. The MWR has proposed, for example, that in the 11 ^th plan, an allocation of Rs 165900 crores should be done for the Major and Medium Irrigation Projects. The available facts show that this will be a total waste of public money.

The detailed figures of net irrigated area by source for the period 1990-91 to 2003-04 is given in the table below.

Net Irrigated Area (Ha)

	Canals	Tube Wells	Other Wells	Total GW	Tanks	Other Sources	Total
1990-91	17453000	14257000	10437000	24694000	2944000	2932000	48023000
1991-92	17791000	15168000	10869000	26037000	2991000	3048000	49867000
1992-93	17457000	15814000	10569000	26380300	2854000	3599000	50293000
1993-94	17111000	16376000	11386000	27762000	3152000	3427000	51452000
1994-95	17280000	17190000	11722000	28912000	3276000	3533000	53001000
1995-96	17142000	17937000	11860000	29797000	3111000	3460000	53510000
1996-97	17262000	18410000	12408000	30818000	3343000	3626000	55049000
1997-98	17092000	18432000	12448000	30880000	3100000	3491000	54563000
1998-99	17554697	20627894	13050073	33677967	2944266	3266846	57443776
1999-00	17278592	20842969	13036710	33879679	2686183	2857897	56564414
2000-01	14229380	21394279	10855953	32250232	2490856	2769566	51740034
2001-02	16240609	25161523	9818183	34979706	2349073	2594310	56163698
2002-03	14347064	18035551	8729653	33765204	2340000*	2532891	52985159
2003-04	14605419	25676525	9513092	35189617	2440000*	2707024	54942060

*: Assumptions based on trends.

Source: 1. CWC annual year books, various years. 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural statistics, various years 3. Website of Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, http://agricoop.nic.in/Agristatistics.htm

It is clear from the above table that the Net Irrigated Area by all sources increased from 48.02 m ha in 1990-91 to 57.44 m ha by 1998-99 and remained below 57 m ha thereafter, see the graph below.

Similarly Gross Irrigated area (if an area is irrigated twice, it is counted twice in estimation of gross irrigated area, but once in estimation of net irrigated area) across all sources has been increasing during the period as seen in the graph below.

This increase in all India net and gross irrigated areas have been possible due to the increase in groundwater irrigated area from 24.69 m ha in 1990-91 to 35.19 m ha in 2003-04, see the graph below. In fact the increase in groundwater irrigated area has helped the MWR suppress the reality of non performance of the big dams.

Figures of gross (& net) irrigated areas from canals for some selected major states (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir) for the period under discussion, for which necessary data is available also indicate this trend as can be seen from the graphs on next page. These graphs show that even gross irrigated area by canals has shown a consistent decreasing trend, even though we do not have nation wide figures for gross irrigated areas by canals for these years.

The Reasons Some of the reasons for this situation include: Siltation of reservoirs and canals, lack of maintenance of the irrigation infrastructure, water intensive crops in the head reaches and non building of the canals and over development (beyond the carrying capacity) of projects in a basin, water logging & salinisation are some of the other reasons. In some cases, the additional area added by new projects is not reflected in the figures as the area irrigated by older projects (due to above reasons) is reducing. Indeed the World Bank's 2005 report India's Water Economy: Bracing for a Turbulent Future showed that annual financial requirement for maintenance of India 's irrigation infrastructure (which is largest in the world) is Rs 17000 crores, but less than 10% of that amount is available and most of it does not result in physical maintenance of the infrastructure.

The Implications These findings have grave implications. Firstly, they very clearly imply that the thousands of crores the country is spending each year is not leading to any additional net irrigated area. Secondly, the real increase in irrigated area is all coming from groundwater irrigation and groundwater is the lifeline of irrigated agriculture. Thirdly, in fact these futile investments of Rs 99610 crores not adding any irrigation may be the reason behind the slackening of the agriculture growth rate India has experienced over the last decade. Fourthly, Rs 14669 crores spent on the Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP) between April 1996 (when the programme started) to March 2004 (the period we are discussing) has not helped add any additional irrigation area, the claims of MWR that AIBP has added 2.66 m ha of additional irrigation potential not withstanding. Lastly, this raises many accountability issues and those responsible in MWR, Planning Commission and states will have to answer a lot of questions.

This trend indicates that in stead of spending money on new major and medium (M&M) irrigation projects, the country would benefit more (at lesser costs and impacts) if we spend money on proper repair and maintenance of the existing infrastructure, taking measures to reduce siltation of reservoirs and at the same time concentrating on rainfed areas. On groundwater front, we need to make preservation of existing groundwater recharge systems and augmentation of the same our top priority. Weeding out the unviable investments from the ongoing M&M irrigation systems needs to be done so that good money (not yet spent) is not thrown after bad money (spent on unviable projects). In case of some of the ongoing projects, it may be more profitable to review the projects to reduce further investments and impacts. Even as the Planning Commission finalises the 11 ^th Five year plan, this is a golden opportunity to make radical changes in our water resources development. If we miss this opportunity, the combined impacts of the wrong priorities we have pursued so far and the global warming will result in we having neither the water required for the people or the economy, nor the cash to maintain the and sustain the existing benefits, as the 2005 World Bank report concluded.

Himanshu Thakkar ( ht.sandrp@gmail.com) Ph: 27484655/ 9968242798

South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers & People ( www.sandrp.in), Delhi